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Data & Statistics: How to Cite Data & Statistics

Sources of aggregate statistics and microdata for use in a wide variety of subject areas

How to cite data

Last updated 2022.03.16

Just as with the books and articles, it's important to cite any data or statistics you use in your research. The basic elements are the same as for other sources:

  • author,
  • title,
  • year of publication,
  • publisher (either the producer or the archive where it is stored),
  • edition or version, and
  • access information (a URL or some other persistent identifier).

DataCite (a not-for-profit organisation that helps researchers to find, access, and reuse data), suggests including the following elements:

  • Creator (PublicationYear): Title. Publisher. Identifier

or, if one includes two optional properties, Version and ResourceType (as appropriate), the form is:

  • Creator (PublicationYear): Title. Version. Publisher. ResourceType. Identifier

For citation purposes, DataCite recommends that DOI names are displayed as linkable, permanent URLs.

Unfortunately, there are no generally-agreed-upon standards for formatting a data citation. Some guidelines are available, however; some of these are listed below. Follow the general format for the citation style you've been asked to use, and incorporate at least the above elements.

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