You need to include in-text citations in the body of your paper or assignment to show your reader (i.e. your professor) which information sources you used to build your arguments.
There are two types of in-text citations:
| Example Type | Parenthetical Example | Narrative Example |
| One Author - Paraphrased Content | (Vidal-Salazar, 2016) | Vidal-Salazar (2016) explores how... |
| One Author - Short Quotation (Less than 40 Words) | (Vidal-Salazar, 2016, p. 789) | Vidal-Salazar (2016) states how "direct quotation of less than 40 words goes here" (p. 789). |
| One Author - Distinguishing Works with Same Last Name & Date | (Vidal-Salazar, 2016a) | Vidal-Salazar (2016a) explores how... |
Review pages 261 to 278 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) for additional in-text examples, including block quotations.
| Example Type | Parenthetical Example | Narrative Example |
| Two Authors - Paraphrased Content | (Vidal-Salazar & Toft, 2016) | Vidal-Salazar and Toft (2016) explore how... |
| Two Authors - Short Quotation (Less than 40 Words) | (Vidal-Salazar & Toft, 2016, p. 789) | Vidal-Salazar and Toft (2016) state how "direct quotation of less than 40 words goes here" (p. 789). |
| Two Authors - Distinguishing Works with Same Last Name & Date | (Vidal-Salazar & Toft, 2016a) | Vidal-Salazar and Toft (2016a) explore how... |
Review pages 261 to 278 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) for additional in-text examples, including block quotations.
| Example Type | Parenthetical Example | Narrative Example |
| Three or More Authors - Paraphrased Content | (Vidal-Salazar et al., 2016) | Vidal-Salazar et al. (2016) explore how... |
| Three or More Authors - Short Quotation (Less than 40 Words) | (Vidal-Salazar et al., 2016, p. 789) | Vidal-Salazar et al. (2016) state how "direct quotation of less than 40 words goes here" (p. 789). |
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Three or More Authors - Distinguishing Works with Same Last Name & Date
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(Vidal-Salazar et al., 2016a) | Vidal-Salazar et al. (2016a) explore how... |
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Shortened In-Text Citations & Ambiguity Note: If shortening the authors' names creates ambiguity in determining which source was used, write out as many author names as required to distinguish between the sources. |
(Smith, Toft, Featherston, & Ramir, 2016) (Smith, Toft, & Featherston, 2016) |
Smith, Toft, Featherston, and Ramir (2016)...
Smith, Toft, and Featherston (2016)... |
Review pages 261 to 278 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) for additional in-text examples, including block quotations.
| Example Type | Parenthetical Example | Narrative Example |
|
Corporate Author with Abbreviation - Paraphrased Content 1. First citation 2. Subsequent citations |
1. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2020) 2. (IPCC, 2020)
|
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2020) shows how... 2. IPCC (2020) discusses how... |
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Corporate Author with Abbreviation - Short Quotation (Less than 40 Words) 1. First citation 2. Subsequent citations |
1. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2020, p. 308) 2. (IPCC, 2020, p. 312) |
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2020) frames this "direct quotation of less than 40 words" (p. 308). 2. IPCC (2020) explores how "direct quotation of less than 40 words" (p. 312). |
|
Corporate Author with Abbreviation - Distinguishing Works with Same Corporate Author & Date 1. First citation 2. Subsequent citations |
1. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2020a) 2. (IPCC, 2020a) |
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2020a) shows how... 2. IPCC (2020a) discusses how... |
| Corporate Author No Abbreviation - Paraphrased Content | (York University, 2021) | York University (2021) shows... |
| Corporate Author with Abbreviation - Short Quotation (Less than 40 Words) |
(York University, 2021, para. 5) Note: para. is an abbreviation of paragraph. You can use paragraphs if a resource does not have page numbers. |
York University (2021) shows "short quotation of less than 40 words" (para. 5). |
| Corporate Author with Abbreviation - Distinguishing Works with Same Corporate Author & Date | (York University, 2021a) | York University (2021a) shows... |
Review pages 261 to 278 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) for additional in-text examples, including block quotations.
| Example Type | Parenthetical Example | Narrative Example |
|
No Author - Paraphrased Content * Use Title of Work & Publication Year |
Book: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019) Article / Webpage: ("Understanding Sensory Memory," 2018) |
Book: Interpersonal Skills (2019) explores... Article / Webpage: "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) discusses... |
|
No Author - Quotation of Less than 40 words * Use Title of Work & Publication Year |
Book: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019, p. 23) Article / Webpage: ("Understanding Sensory Memory," 2018, paras. 3-4) Note: paras. is an abbreviation of paragraphs. You can use paragraphs if a resource does not have page numbers. |
Book: Interpersonal Skills (2019) explores "quotation of less than 40 words" (p. 23). Article / Webpage: "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) discusses "quotation of less than 40 words" (paras. 3-4). |
|
No Date - Paraphrased Content * Use n.d. to show there is no publication date |
(Vidal-Salazar, n.d.) | Vidal-Salazar (n.d.) explores... |
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No Date - Quotation of Less than 40 words * Use n.d. to show there is no publication date |
(Vidal-Salazar, n.d., para. 3) | Vidal-Salazar (n.d.) explores how "quotation of less than 40 words" (para. 3). |
Review pages 261 to 278 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) for additional in-text examples, including block quotations.